The Yellow Wallpaper :: essays research papers

The Yellow WallpaperCharlotte Perkins Gilman, was born and raised in Hartford, Connecticut, in the 1860s, by her mother. Charlotte Perkins married a artist, and shortly afterwards gave birth to her daughter. by and by the birth of her child, Charlotte was diagnosed with an nervous condition. Charlotte then committed herself under the care of Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, after the constant urging of her husband. The care from Dr. Mitchell, and her husband consisted of isolation and total rest. It was not bulky before Charlotte was driven to insanity due to these reprimands encourage by both her husband, and the doctor. Shortly after she fled the care of her husband and Dr. Mitchell, she moved to California, and began a career as a lecturer and writer on feminist topics(Gilman782). In 1892, Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote the most significant, and image-like story of her life, kn profess as The Yellow Wallpaper. Gilman uses an unnamed narrator of the story. The unnamed narrator is purposely left unnamed the narrator could be any woman, wife, and mother. Gilman paints a vivid picture of a woman who is demeaned, deprived and mad.Gilman does not leave alone her readers with an over- powerful image of the woman. Gilman only conveys the image of a woman creeping around her room, who is suffering from anxiety and madness.The woman is under the care of her husband, who is an physician. He locks her in an nursery in hopes that the confinement and rest will help aid her troubling nervous condition. The woman seems to be losing her grasp and control over her own life, primarily because she is under the care of her husband.As the narrator opens the story, the first striking image that the readers are presented with is the character John. The husband of the narrator, John, is described as practical and complete. (Gilman,782). John refuses to accept his wifes condition he does not believe that there is anything truly wrong with her. The narrative states these comments about her husband. You see he does not believe I am sick If a physician of high standing, and ones own husband assures friends and relatives that there is really secret code the matter with one, but temporary nervous depression, a slight hysterical tendency, what is one to do?(783).The narrator submits to the will of her husband. She gives into his ideas regarding what is good for her and her nervous condition.

Teaching Philosophy :: Philosophy of Education Statement Teachers Essays

Teaching Philosophy I believe that teaching is a business in which the educator has many opportunities to apply her knowledge of content area, personal strengths and creativity, and her life skills to the tasks at hand on a day to day basis. For example, when working(a) in cooperation with other teachers, handling difficult situations with students and even just enjoying the satisfaction of a job well done, all three of the above mentioned qualities come into play. In order to keep all of these in balance, however, it is imperative that the teacher, or teacher in training, has a clear idea of what may be defined as her philosophies of teaching. First and foremost, I have a firm conviction that the teacher and school environment must actively promote, incorporate and develop diversity in the classroom. In todays classroom it is inevitable that many types of diversity will be present and I believe it is the teachers inhering responsibility to recognize and support it. Diversity comes in many forms including learning styles and abilities, race, religion and sexual orientation. Any diversity encountered in the classroom should be embraced as a chance to grow and learn for the teacher, the student who is deemed as different and the total student body. This personal philosophy has developed within me as a result of my own experiences in a versatile public school system as a student. I intend to both support my diverse classrooms and to help other educators and students to promote, incorporate and develop diversity in their own classrooms. A second dimension in my teaching philosophy is based rough the term enthusiasm. Enthusiasm implies energy, vivacity, creativity and consistent safari and in relation to my philosophy, these qualities are exhibited in a three dimensional model in the classroom. Two of the dimensions depend on the teacher. First, the teacher must be enthusiastic about the most important aspect of her job, that is, the students themselves She must demonstrate consistent effort and energy when interacting and engaging with her students both inside and out of the classroom.

Factors Associated with Divorce :: Divorce Marriage Relationships Essays

Factors Associated with DivorceResearch shows there are 4 major factors that increase the likeliness of divorceA. Divorce Caused By Age At Marriage1. As age when married decreases, likelihood of divorce increases- Couples under the age of 18 are much more credibly to divorce than coupleswho marry at any later age2. Younger Couples Are- Unprepared for marriage- Unaware of what is expected of them- Not mature plenteous to handle responsibilities3. Drawbacks - The unripeneder you are the less dating experience youve had - Not sure what you really value in a partner - Being young they may get bored and prefer a new marriage as opposed totheir current one - Young couples have few reasons not to divorce - May have married without parents permission, so divorce may besupported by family - Likely do not have seat together4. Marrying due to pregnancy - Having a child before or early in marriage - Gives couple little time to adjust to each other and demands of marriage - May limit the parents educational and occupational goals - Increases financial strain on relationshipB. Race1. Studies show African Americans have higher(prenominal) divorce rates than Whites or Latinos - African Americans also much more likely to remain in a separated status- Their greater likelihood of being unemployed and living in povertycontribute to marital disruption2. African American women are - Less likely to marry - more likely to separate or divorce - Less likely to remarryOn average African American women spend only about half(a) the amount oftime white women spend in marriage.C. Socioeconomic Status1. Lower socioeconomic strata of society - Lower levels of education, Lower incomes, Lower-status occupations - Higher marital unbalance ratesPoor families are twice as likely to breakup as nonpoor families. - Lower-status married couples may have higher divorce rates because they

The Effect of Relativity Theory on Marathon Runners :: physics sport sports running

Sometimes people say, Running is good for your health, and you can live longer. Is it accredited? Isnt there another reason? Is health the only cause of longevity? I wondered if the effect of relativity is one of the causes. In 1905, the great physicist, Albert Einstein, put send a new theory c all in alled The Special Theory of Relativity. It is very simple and it says only these two principles 1. The laws of physics are the same in all inertial system. 2. There is a speed limit, and it is the speed of light. Suppose two inertial systems, one of which, S, is the rest system and another, S, is moving at the velocity v to S. In above pictures, red and blue represent S and S, white balls moving are light, green boards are mirrors. Since the speed of light is constant, (ct)2 = (vt)2 + L2 (1)

Analysing Willfred Owens Dulce Et Decorum Est. Essay -- English Liter

Analysing Willfred Owens Dulce Et Decorum Est.Dulce ET Decorum Est is an anti-war poem, which emphasizes theintensity of war. The meaning of the ironic title roughly translatedinto it is good and honourable but is not fully established untilyou visualize the poem. The full title Dulce ET Decorum Est Pro PatriaMori means it is good and honourable to die for your country.However the main aspect of this poem is paradoxical to its title. Thisdemonstrates the sum Wilfred Owens is insinuating and hisattitude towards war.The poem is regarding Wilfred Owen and his troop of exhausted soldiersmaking their way back to base after combat at the front line until agas shell is fired at them. A soldier is fatally gassed, is put in anambulance dying slowly and then eaten away from the inside.Owen describes a small-arm being engulfed by gas,Dim through the misty panes and thick green light,Under a green sea I saw him drowning.The death and discommode is shown and the harsh actuality of waruncovere d. It is almost as though you be reliving the agony the manis suffering. The reader is nowhere near as unfortunate as Wilfred. Hewas repeatedly tortured by his experiences even after having toencounter them.In all my dreams before my helpless sight,He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.It is an inescapable reposition that haunts him even when he attempts tosleep, on constant replay in his treacherous mind. His feeling ofhelplessness from that mo ment were captured and frozen, regret for nothelping covered with hope, the guess that he was unable to doanything useful anyway. A sense of regret, disbelief and anger arereused in other anti-war poems that Wilfred Owen ha... ... aid the pain once and nonoperationalendured. Owen has created a way that transports the reader back to thescene of the poem. Using the effectiveness of the senses. He describesthe sounds, the smells and the sights around to give the feeling thatyou witnessing the happenings expressed.My final contempl ations to conclude this analysis are not in despairbut queries, whether it is rhetorical or not I am not completely sure.The thing that concerns me is how the government send men off to fightwar when under the misapprehension that they are fighting for theircountry? Do they have no conscious, no guilt in displace the doomedyouth off to their inevitable deaths? The decisions they makeobviously have repercussions as do all decisions, but to knowinglycondemn so legion(predicate) innocent people to physical and mental torture thendeath, to me is worse murder, is it not?

Analysing Willfred Owens Dulce Et Decorum Est. Essay -- English Liter

Analysing Willfred Owens Dulce Et Decorum Est.Dulce ET Decorum Est is an anti-war metrical composition, which emphasizes theintensity of war. The meaning of the ironic title roughly translatedinto it is good and honourable but is not full established untilyou examine the poem. The full title Dulce ET Decorum Est Pro PatriaMori means it is good and honourable to die for your country.However the main aspect of this poem is paradoxical to its title. Thisdemonstrates the message Wilfred Owens is insinuating and hisattitude towards war.The poem is regarding Wilfred Owen and his troop of exhausted soldiersmaking their way back to base after combat at the foregoing line until agas shell is fired at them. A soldier is fatally gassed, is put in anambulance dying slowly and then eaten away(predicate) from the inside.Owen describes a man being engulfed by gas,Dim through the misty panes and thick green light,Under a green sea I apothegm him drowning.The death and distress is shown and the h arsh actuality of waruncovered. It is almost as though you are reliving the agony the manis suffering. The reader is nowhere near as unfortunate as Wilfred. Hewas repeatedly tortured by his experiences even after having toencounter them.In all my dreams before my helpless sight,He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.It is an inescapable memory that haunts him even when he attempts tosleep, on constant replay in his treacherous mind. His feeling ofhelplessness from that moment were captured and frozen, regret for not luck covered with hope, the possibility that he was unable to doanything useful anyway. A sense of regret, disbelief and anger arereused in other anti-war poems that Wilfred Owen ha... ... aid the upset once and stillendured. Owen has created a way that transports the reader back to thescene of the poem. Using the effectiveness of the senses. He describesthe sounds, the smells and the sights around to give the feeling thatyou witnessing the happenings expressed .My final contemplations to dissolve this analysis are not in despairbut queries, whether it is rhetorical or not I am not completely sure.The thing that concerns me is how the administration send men off to fightwar when under the misapprehension that they are fighting for theircountry? Do they have no conscious, no wickedness in sending the doomedyouth off to their inevitable deaths? The decisions they makeobviously have repercussions as do all decisions, but to knowingly chastise so many innocent people to physical and mental torture thendeath, to me is worse murder, is it not?

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Put the independent variable on the x-axis, put the dependent variable on the y- axis. 3. Label each axis with a quantity and a unit. 4. Give the re make up a detailed title that includes the independent variable and the dependent variable. 5. Take a screen shot of the graph and paste it here. Conclusion 1 . Summarize in one sentence whether or not the changes of the two sh be a pattern 2. Point disclose all strange results that may be possessed of occurred. Can you explain them? 3. Write a sentence that comp ares the results to the venture. 4. Explain the conclusion scientific in ally.This means you interpret the data by explaining what the patterns mean. Use scientific language, and be specific. Do reoceanrch to find explanations. Cite the sources here. Remember to write the full source at the end in the Works Cited list. 1 . Yes there is a pattern between these two results. As more than atmospheric CA, I see that the altitudes of Arctic Ice are decreasing. However, there ar e some strong winters that make the melted ice change back to sate in water. But also this effect is starting to get a problem. Strong Winters havent been occurring much as the sasss. . I had asked Ms Suzanne why the Arctic Ices extent changes back to ice. She said its because of the strong winters that occur. Another source I set from the Internet is that strong winters arent tough as it used to be during 1900 to 1980. 3. More third estatehouse gasoline emissions, sea levels will rise. 4. In conclusion, in the fact that if all the Arctic Ice melts the worlds sea level would rise. However, my hypothesis was wrong. Sea levels wouldnt rise if all the ice in the Arctic would melt. This is because it takes all the worlds ice to make sea levels increase.If carbon dioxide emissions get worse the seas level would rise up to just or so 62 meters. Atmospheric carbon dioxide tooshie cause more consequences than Just sea level intensities. It can cause extinction for the animals that li ve in c old(a) climates and the many lives of public health will get an impact from greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, since we cant destroy carbon dioxide we can maybe reduce the fossil fuel combustion and oil yields. We can maybe produce cars that are powered by electrical aptitude. 1. This is where you list all the sources you cited in your lab report. . Make sure this list only has sources you already cited in parenthesis 0. 3. Make sure the first news in parentheses is also the first word in the entry on the works cited list. 4. Indent after the first line of each entry. Global Warming. Facts, Causes and effect of Climate Change. Web. 17 whitethorn 2014. Silverman, Jacob. Why Is Arctic Ice Melting 50 Years Too Fast? Houseworks. Housework. Com, 05 swept. 2007. Web. 18 May 2014. Early monition Signs of Global Warming Arctic and Antarctic Warming I CUSCUS. unto of concerned scientists. CUSS. Web. 20 May 2014.Teacher Decision Student Opinion Level descriptor The assimilat or is able to 1-2 collect and present data in numerical and/or optic forms accurately interpret data state the severeness of a hypothesis based on the outcome of a scientific investigation 3-4 collect and present data in numerical and/or visual forms correctly accurately interpret data and describe results outline the validity of a hypothesis based on the outcome of a scientific investigation 5-6 collect, organize and present data in numerical and/or visual forms correctly accurately interpret data and describe results using scientific reasoning describe the validity of a hypothesis based on the outcome of a scientific investigation 7-8 collect, organize, transform and present data in numerical and/or visual forms correctly accurately interpret data and describe results using correct scientific reasoning discuss the validity of a hypothesis based on the outcome of a scientific investigationCarbon dioxide emissionsCarbon dioxide emanations from Annex I states have established since 1990 alone are turning quickly in growth states ( non Annex I states ) at a rate of about 4 % per twelvemonth which is reflected in the universe emanations which are turning approximately 600 million dozenss of carbon dioxide per twelvemonth.Carbon dioxide emanations are the dominant constituent of nursery gas emanations, but represented in 2006 merely 69,6 % of the entire emanations. The staying 30.4 % are methane ( CH4 ) , azotic oxide ( N2O ) and fluorinated gases with amply tellurian warming possible ( GWP ) which are SF6 ( sulphur hexafluoride ) , HFCs ( hydrofluorcarbons ) and PFCs ( perfluorcarbons ) . ( Figure 4 ) .Normally one expresses GHG emanations in CO2 equivalent. Entire emanations in 2005 were about 45 Gtons of CO2.equivalent of which 30 Gtons of CO2.To egress down CO2 and other GHG emanations became therefore one of the most pressing nethertakings we are confronting today. There are two attacks to manage this jobutilize brawn more expeditiously, accordingl y breathing less CO2 and widening the life of fossil fuels militias.increase the parting of renewable energies in the universe cleverness matrixNational authoritiess both bit good as some sectors of the productive system ( pains, transit, residential and others ) can follow these solutions in differentiated grades.In industrialised states, which have already reached a high score of energy ingestion per capita , energy skill is the low hanging fruit attack that can be more at large(p) implemented. Renewable energies can besides play a important function.In developing states where energy ingestion per capita is low, and the demand for the growing for energies services is inevitable, it can be do integrating early, in the occasion of development, clean and efficient engineerings every bit good as renewable energies, next a different way than that do in the yesteryear by today s industrialised statesWe will discourse hereafter the potency of energy dexterity, renewable energies and emanations merchandising strategies in accomplishing the aims of rationalise drink nursery gas emanations.RENEWABLE ENERGIESTable I lists the renewable energy used in the universe at the terminal of 2008 by all types of renewable beginnings, every bit good their annual growing rates. Traditional biomass is left out of this tabular array because it is used chiefly in rural countries as homework fuel or wood coal in ways that are often non renewable, taking to deforestation and dirt debasementRenewables ( including big hydro ) represented, in 2008, about 5 % of the universe? s entire primary energy ingestion but are turning at a rate of 6.3 % per twelvemonth enchantment entire primary energy supply is turning at a smaller rate of about 2 % per twelvemonth.Taking into history the appropriate efficiency and capacity factors* the Numberss in Table I can be converted into the entire primary energy part from renewables ( Table II ) and Figure 6.An extrapolation of the part of renewables up to 2030 on the footing of the rates of growing in the finale 10 old ages is shown in Figure 7.To give an thought of the attempt that would be needed to mince CO2 emanations up to 2050 the IEA produced late two scenarios of what would be required in footings of renewables in the electricity sector. The consequences are shown in Table III.In the IEA Scenarios atomic energy and coal and gas fired thermic power workss ( with C gaining control and storage CCS ) are included.These Numberss are really big but give an thought of the attempt required to forestall a ruinous clime alteration.The chief policy instruments used to speed up the institution of renewables in the energy system of a figure of states are feed in duties and renewable portfolio criterions ( RPS ) Feed-in duties this is a policy adopted by authoritiess to speed up the debut of renewable energy beginnings in their matrixes. Power companies are obliged to get renewable energy from independent manu facturers, at a fixed monetary quantify above the mean cost of production. These incremental costs of renewable energy over fossil fuels can be transferred to con entiretyers. Germany has had striking success with feed-in duties over the last two decennaries, providing 15 % of its energy demands through renewable beginnings. The German attack involves guaranteed fixed payments for 20 old ages designed to present a net income of 7 to 9 per centum. The rates charged vary by energy beginning and are tied to the cost of production. The rates paid for new contracts decline yearly, coercing the green energy sector to introduce.Renewable Portfolio Standards such attack topographic points an duty on electricity supply companies to bring forth a specified fraction of their electricity from renewable energy beginnings ( typically 10-20 % ) . Certified renewable energy generators earn certifications for every unit of electricity they produce and can sell these along with their electricity to provide companies. RPS-type mechanisms have been adopted in the UK, Italy and Belgium, every bit good as in 27 States in the US and the District of Columbia. Regulations vary from responsibleness to province, and there is no federal policy. Four of the 27 provinces have voluntary instead than compulsory ends. Together these 27 provinces account for more than 42 per centum of the electricity gross revenues in the state.Renewable energies are being introduced in a important manner in many states peculiarly in Europe in the shape of distributed generation* ( ) ( largely renewable ) which seems to be the attack to be used in big graduated table in the hereafter. ( Figure 8 )ENERGY EFFICIENCYThe sum of energy required to supply the energy services needed depends on the efficiency with which the energy is produced, delivered and used.Additions in energy efficiency are normally thrifty by indexs, one of which is called energy strength and defined as the energy necessary ( E ) per unit o f gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) .I = E/GDPDecrease in the energy strength over clip indicate that the same sum of GDP is obtained with a smaller energy input as shown in Figure 9.In footings of CO2 emanations for the OECD states means a light of emanations of approximately 350 million dozenss of CO2 per twelvemonth.The grounds for such descent are a combination of the undermentioned factors.structural alterations in industrialised and passage states which can come from increase recycling and permutation of energy-intensive stuffs improved material efficiency and intensified usage of lasting and investing goods,displacements to services and less energy-intensive industrial production, andimpregnation effects in the residential and transit sectors ( i.e. , a bound to the figure of autos, iceboxs, television sets, etc. , that a society can absorb ) .Since more than 80 % of the energy used in the universe today comes from fossil fuels the decrease in energy strength is reflected in a decrease in C strength ( I=CO2/GDP ) which is shown in Figure 11.As can be look there is a steady fall in the C strength in OECD states. In non-OECD states there was besides a diminution but it has stabilized after the twelvemonth 2000.Over the following 20 old ages the sum of primary energy required for a given submit of energy services could be cost-effectively lessen by 25 to 35 per centum in industrialised states. Decreases of more than 40 per centum are cost-effectively accomplishable in transitional economic systems within the following two decennaries. In most developing states? which tend to hold high economic growing and old capital and fomite melodic phrases? the cost-efficient betterment potency ranges from 30 to more than 45 per centum, comparative to energy efficiencies achieved with bing capital stock.The combined consequence of structural alterations and efficiency betterments could speed up the one-year diminution in energy strength to possibly 2.5 per cent um. How much of this potency will be realized depends on the effectivity of policy models and steps, alterations in attitude and behaviour, every bit good as the degree of entrepreneurial activity in energy preservation and material efficiency.Standards ( e.g. , constructing codifications intelligent consumers, contrivers, and determination shapers do operators market-based inducements such as certification markets and an equal payments system ( ) for energy ) are cardinal grosbeak to the successful writ of execution of energy efficiency betterments.EMISSIONS TradingIn add-on to national attempts to control GHG emanations through increased energy efficiency steps and the usage of renewable energy beginning craft emanations is a scheme used to command befoulment by supplying incentive s for accomplishing decreases in the emanation of pollutants. Usually it is called a? cap and trade? system and the manner is plants is the followersA cardinal authorization ( normally a author ities or international organic structure ) sets a bound or cap on the sum of a pollutant that can be emitted. Companies or other groups are issued emanation licenses and are required to keep an tantamount figure of allowances ( or credit ) which represent the chasten to breathe a specific sum. The entire sum of allowances and credits can non transcend the cap, restricting entire emanations to that degree. Companies that need to increase their emanation allowances must purchase credits from those who pollute less. The transportation of allowances is referred to as a trade. In consequence, the purchaser is paying a charge for fouling, while the marketer is being rewarded for holding reduced emanations. An early illustration of an emanation trading system has been the SO2 trading system under the model of the Acid Rain Program of the 1990 lightsome Air proceed in the U.S. to a lower place the plan, which is basically a cap-and-trade emanations trading system, SO2 emanations were re duced by 50 per centum from 1980 degrees by 2007. Some experts argue that the cap and trade system of SO2 emanations decrease has reduced the cost of commanding acerb rain by every bit much as 80 per centum versus source-by-source decrease? . ( )At the international degree the Kyoto Protocol ( KP ) adopted in 1997 and which came into force in 2005, binds most developed states to a cap and trade system for the six major nursery gases. In malice of being a signer of the join Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) , the United States is the lone industrialised state ( i.e. , under the KP Annex I ) which has non ratified and hence is non bound by it. Emission quotas were agreed by each take parting state, with the purpose of cut downing their overall emanations by 5.2 % of their 1990 degrees by the terminal of 2012. Under the Treaty, for the 5-year conformity period from 2008 until 2012, states that emit less than their quota will be able to sell emanation credits to states that exceed their quota through usage of the undermentioned flexibleness mechanismsJoint Implementation undertakings ( JI )Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM )International Emissions Trading ( IET ) .The 2nd commitment period of the KP, unneurotic with a long-run concerted action under the UNFCCC, will be discussed by states at the terminal of 2009.THE EUROPEAN UNION EMISSIONS Trading SCHEME ( EU ETS )The European Union Emission Trading System ( EU ETS ) is the largest multi-national, emanations merchandising strategy in the universe, and is a major pillar of EU clime policy.Under the EU ETS, the authoritiess of the EU Member States agree on national emanation caps which have to be approved by the EU committee, allocate allowances to their industrial operators, mode and formalize the existent emanations in conformity against the relevant assigned sum.In the first stage ( 2005-2007 ) , the EU ETS includes some 12,000 installings, stand foring about 40 % of EU CO2 emanations , ( 2.4 billion dozenss of CO2 equivalent ) covering energy activities ( burning installings with a rated thermic input transcending 20 MW, mineral oil refineries, coke ovens, production and processing of ferric metals, mineral industry ( cement cinder, glass and ceramic bricks ) and mush, paper and board activities.The strategy, in which all 15 member provinces that were so members of the European Union participated, nominally commenced operation on January 1st, 2005, although national registers were unable to settle minutess for the first few months.The first trading period of the EU ETS ran for three old ages, from January 1st, 2005 until the terminal of 2007. With its expiration foremost phase allowances became invalid. The end of the test period was chiefly to derive experience with cardinal elements of the trading system in put to hold a to the full operational system for 2008-2012 when conformity with binding decreases would be required under the Kyoto Protocol. ( Table IV ) The monetary entertain of allowances increased more or less steadily to its peak degree in April 2006 of approximately? 30 per metric ton CO2, but fell in May 2006 to under? 10/ton on intelligence that some states were likely to give their industries such generous emanation caps that there was no demand for them to cut down emanations. When the publication of 2005 verified emanations informations in May 2006 highlighted this over-allocation, the market reacted by well take downing the monetary value of allowances. Monetary determine dropped sharp to? 1.2 a metric ton in March 2007, worsening to? 0.10 in September 2007, because allowances could non be carried over or? banked? and used in the following trading period.Although the first stage ended disastrously, because the allowances could non be banked to the following stage, it did non impact on the monetary values for contracts for 2008, the first twelvemonth of the 2nd stage. Market participants knew already in 2007 that stage I I would be more rigorous in relation to the cap and less indulgent in relation to allowances, which explains the high monetary values for 2008 allowances.The first EU ETS Trading Period expired in declination 2007. Since January 2008, the 2nd Trading Period is under manner which will last until December 2012. Presently, the installings get the allowances for free from the EU member provinces authoritiess. Besides having this initial allotment on a plant-by-plant footing, an operator may buy EU allowances from others ( installings, bargainers, the authorities ) .In January 2008, the European Commission proposed a figure of alterations to the strategy, including centralized allotment ( no more national allotment programs ) by an EU authorization, a bend to auctioning a greater portion ( 60+ % ) of licenses instead than apportioning freely, and inclusion of other nursery gases, such as azotic oxide and per-fluorocarbons. These alterations are still in a bill of exchange phase the me ntioned amendments are merely likely to go effectual from January 2013 onwards, i.e. in the tertiary Trading Period under the EU ETS. Besides, the proposed caps for the 3rd Trading Period foresee an overall decrease of nursery gases for the sector of 21 % in 2020 compared to 2005 emanations. The EU ETS has late been extended to the air hose industry every bit good, but these alterations will non take topographic point until 2012.In add-on, the 3rd trading period will be both more economically efficient and environmentally effectual. It will be more efficient because trading periods will be longer ( 8 old ages alternatively of 5 old ages ) , and a significant addition in the sum of auctioning ( from less than 4 % in stage 2 to more than half in stage 3 ) . The environmental effectivity will be guaranteed by a robust and yearly worsening emanations cap ( 21 % decrease in 2020 compared to 2005 ) and a centralised allotment procedure within the European Commission.A robust secondary market for C certifications exists through which investors bank on the future value of the EU ETS certifications altering many times. However the ETS doesn? T include conveyance, therefore this action is limited to industrial procedure and energy sector.Joint IMPLEMENTATION ( JI )Joint execution is one of flexibleness mechanisms set Forth in the Kyoto Protocol to assist states with binding nursery gas emanations marks ( alleged Annex I states ) suffer their duties. In this mechanism any Annex I states can put in emanation decrease undertakings ( referred to as Joint Implementation Projects ) in any other Annex I state as an option to cut downing emanations domestically. In this manner states can take down the costs of following with their Kyoto marks by puting in nursery gas decreases in an Annex I state where decreases are cheaper, and so using the recognition for those decreases towards their committedness end.The procedure of having recognition for JI undertakings is slightly complex. Emission decreases are awarded credits called Emission Reduction Units ( ERUs ) , where one ERU represents an emanation decrease bing one metric ton of CO2 equivalent. The ERUs come from the host state s pool of assigned emanations credits, known as Assigned Amount Units, or AAUs ( ) .After a long preparative procedure JI undertakings began to take form. As of June 2009, 207 undertakings have been submitted. If all implemented they will take to emanations decrease of 338,048 million times CO2 equivalent in the period 2008-2012. The great bulk of the undertakings are in the Russian Federation and Eastern European states. The figure of JI undertakings by type is given in Figure 14.So far the lone certifications issued ( ERUs ) emanations decrease units are 651 thousand CO2 equivalent for coal bed/mine methane.CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM ( CDM )The Clean Development Mechanism is an agreement under the Kyoto Protocol leting industrialised states with a nursery gas decrease com mittedness ( called Annex B states ) to put in undertakings that cut down emanations in developing states as an option to more expensive emanation decreases in their ain states. A important characteristic of an sanctioned CDM C undertaking is that it has established that the planned decreases would non happen without the extra inducement provided by emanation decreases credits, a construct known as additionality .The CDM allows cyberspace planetary nursery gas emanations to be reduced at a much lower planetary cost by financing emanations decrease undertakings in developing states where costs are lower than in industrialised states.The CDM is supervised by the CDM Executive Board ( CDM EB ) and is under the counsel of the Conference of the Parties ( COP/MOP ) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) .By June 1 2009, 4,417 undertakings have been submitted which if all implemented correspond to 2,931,813 million dozenss of CO2 equivalent. It represents approximately 1 % of the entire necessary attempt to control GHG emanations until 2050.Approximately 75 % of the CDM undertakings are in China.In contrast to emanations merchandising strategies which are actively traded in the stock market JI and CDM are project-based dealing.THE STIMULUS PACKAGEA important sum of the stimulus bundle adopted by a figure of authoritiess to confront the fiscal crisis of 2007/2008 is make of investings in so called? green? activities. They amount to 6 % of the entire recovery bundles announced by authoritiess ( US $ 184.9billion dollars ) . ( Figure 17 )China and the US dwell the leaders, in nominal footings, of the green stimulation activities, allowing US $ 68.7 billion and US $ 66.6 billion severally.The sector break-down shows that energy efficiency ( Figure 18 ) remains at the bosom of the low-carbon financial stimulations. Accounting for every bit much as 36 % of the entire US $ 184.9 billion, the sector will have a rise of some US $ 65.7 bill ion globally, chiefly via edifice efficiency undertakings. In add-on to that, US $ 7.9 billion has been announced for research and development in energy efficiency. The 2nd major victor is electricity grid substructure. More than US $ 48.7 billion has been earmarked for its development and ascent, accounting for some 26 % of the entire financess.The Department of vim has already disbursed US $ 41.9 million in grants for fuel cell energy undertakings.Furthermore, US $ 101.5 million has been directed to weave energy research and elaborate programs have been disclosed on US $ 2.4 billion to be spent on C gaining control and storage and US $ 4 billion for grid ascents. Detailss of about US $ 1.3 billion, out of US $ 2 billion to back up energy scientific discipline research, have besides been confirmed and there are now merely some US $ 725 million staying to be allocated.

Semiotics of a Magazine

Studying semiotics When we are looking at the study of semiotics it means we are to analyze the use of signs and symbols that the time spine uses. When studying a picture, advertisement or cartridge clip pass you substructure take almost anything as a sign or symbol, anything can represent anything at the discretion of the writer or editor. It is for us to interpret what each sign or symbol is representing to the best of our knowledge. Semiotics are key in a work as they give us a better insight into the content, the ideology and what to expect within the powder pickup.After a close analytic thinking of the semiotics of a magazine we can find out more about what it is about and can understand it more. By reading the signs and symbols it gives us a better sense of the type of magazine. In Barthian visual semiotics, the key idea is the layering of meaning. The showtime layer is the layer of denotation, of what, or who, is being depicted here? The endorse layer is the layer of connotation, of what ideas and values are expressed through what is represented, and through the way in which it is represented? (Van Leeuwen, 2001) The first step of the semiotic deconstruction of the cover is to identify relevant signs and their dominant aspects (Van Zo starn, 1994, p. 78) From a first glance at the magazine cover we can see that the masthead is in big and gauze-like capitals as to stand out to the sense of hearing. People will look at the masthead and automatically recognize the magazine from the colours and font. The tone of orange and ping they use are colours that are represented as stereotypically girly colours. The sell lines on the left and right of the magazine are used to tell the audience whats included in the magazine or who is in it.It will also give an insight to the genre of the magazine by showing what pattern of articles are included and what kind of artists or mass they inter grab or talk about. They include words such as World exclusive to dumbfound the audience believe they are getting something that nobody else has and that it is a must spend a penny. The header on this magazine reads Britains No. 1 Womens magazine. This is to attract attention to the magazine on the shelf for other women to buy it other the understanding that if it is popular with everyone else then you should enjoy it too.The use of the white on the pink also stands out as the top is normally what you will see first on a magazine on the shelf in a shop. The main image used in this magazine is a picture of Angelina Jolie, who Is a popular actor and fashion icon. The image takes up virtually the whole background and is obviously being used as a big selling point of this magazine. She is not wearing any clothes from our view of the image and has her war paint done perfectly. This image is very sexualized by her facial expression and the amount of skin shown.The use of a pull quote with I went from Nanny to Prostitute in 24 hours , is used to draw the audience in to the magazine are want to read why this happened and gain their amour and attention . It shows that the magazine has these kind of gossip stories that some women have great interest in reading. Having isolated the major signs and aspects of the magazine we then must shroud to examine the paradigmusicatic of signs by asking what their absent opposites are and how they relate to each other syntagmatically. This is to say that we need to find the assumptions made by a first look at the cover and to see if they have any opposites.The main image used in the cover is of a white occidental woman. This is the iconography of the western world as she is someone who would be famous throughout. If they had a darker woman of less significance on the page then you would feel that the magazine would not sell as many copies. Her hair is down and her facial expression and lack of clothing is very sexualized whereas if you were to have her uptight with hair tied up and in a formal outfit then you may think that people would not buy it as she doesnt seem as blossom forth and laid back and less likely to be giving all her gossip in the interview.You feel that there is a kind of ethnocentrism related to magazines such as these as they often are associated with people associated with your own western culture and not from anywhere else. We can then being to denotate what is on the magazine cover. The colour scheme used is that of pink, orange and white. This is to associate the magazine directly to women as these are stereotypical female colours. The font used is a staple fiber one and is often in bold it is easy to read and stands out on the page.The cover lines feature 3 sex secrets that will change everything, assorted lines about the celebrities included in the magazine and also How to get rid of cellulite or at least hide it, all the coverlines are related to all sex, image or celebrity lives. On a connotation level we can see that the connotations gathered by analysis of this cover they are predominantly about femininity and sexuality. Even thought his is a magazine for women we see that the main image used is a picture of, what we are made to believe, Angelina Jolie naked. She has her makeup done up and has a sexualized look in her eyes staring at the camera.This is a confusing decision in these magazines as you would feel that if you are to judge by how male magazines are made, with semi naked pictures of women also, then you would think that they would have a semi naked man on the cover to their magazine. The 21st century has shown a change back to when women have been used as objects in magazines like this in western civilization but is honorable taken to be the normality in this part of the world. The re-sexualisation of womens bodies, often displayed in public space and in near-soft porn forms, goes comparatively unremarked merely by those from other, less liberated cultures. Branston, 2010) The media has a huge co ntrol on how we represent women and men in a western civilisation. From what is read and seen in magazine we get the perceptions of this is how normal people should be and act and that is completely controllable and interchangeable by what the media chooses to do. This is a high power that we should try and move away from as it will control the world and people will always be aiming to be like the celebrities and people shown in these magazines and in the media. Research on media representations of gender has focused on how women are objectified and exploited in a media context and on the gap between social reality and media constructions of femininity and maleness( Devereux, 2003) The idea that celebrities mean so much in our society influences on people to be like them. Celebrities are just normal people that have perhaps a talent or a different look, but once the media throws them into the spotlight then it is our turn to idolize them. Magazines such as this one are filled with advertising and fake stories and the cover shows this by showing hidden advertising for a ? 5 dress that flatters everyone. This kind of advertising draws people in to read stories that are actually just ads for different products. The point of publicity and promotion is to turn advertising into news(Turner, 2004) References Branston, G. , & Stafford, R. (2010). The media students book(5thed. ). London Routledge. Devereux, E. (2003). instinct the Media. London SAGE Publications Ltd. Turner, G. (2004). Understanding Celebrity. London SAGE Publications Ltd. Van, L. T. , Jewitt, C. (2001). Handbook of visual analysis. London SAGE. Zoonen, L. (1994). Feminist media studies. London Sage.

Kit Kat analysis Essay

Introduction cuddle has won, after 7 years, earmark battle against Cadbury over the four-fingered shape of the Nestle product kit out qat. Nestle is the Swiss multinational company in snack food, health-related practiseds industry. Nestle is the largest food company in the world by its revenue. Their products include baby food, bottle water, cereals, coffee, cocoa nix and many others. The most popular products are Nespresso, Nescafe, KitKat, Maggi and Nesquick. Nestls largest competitors are Kraft Foods, Unilever and Mars incorporated. Cadbury is a British company and best known for its confectionary products. Cadbury was established as retailer of tea, coffee and drinking umber. The most popular products are Dairy Milk chocolate, the Crme Egg and Roses selection box. Cadburys main competitors are Jacobs Suchard, Nestle and Mars Incorporated.Kit Kat is one of the Nestle popular products which was invented in 18th century by Rowntrees of York (than was acquired by Nestle). Kit K at has droll four-fingered shape, which makes it recognizable as the product of Nestle. The following incase is all about Kit Kats shape and weather Nestle can require a label on the shape (not the name which is more common). Nestle and Cadbury were involved in a lawsuit over the four finger KitkKats shape. Nestle -the worlds biggest food company, has succeeded in stopping rivals from copying the shape of the four-fingered bar after a seven-year judicial battle.1 Neste had registered shape of KitKat as a trademark in 2006 but Cadbury appealed against this application.In my paper I leave behind discuss claim over trademark between Nestle and Cadbury, and the case status. This case is unusual in the way of concerns the focus is not on the trademark name, but a trademark shape. By implying that we would not see an infringement in the case, but trademark ruling. KitKatshapeThe case of KiKat, as mentioned above, is an unusual trademark wrangle between Cadbury and Nestle over shape of chocolate bar. Neste had introduced Kit Kat in 1935 and had registered KitKats shape in 2006. Cadbury applied to invalidate the registration on the basis of shape, since one company cannot monopolize shape. The office of harmonization of the Internal Market, which registers EU Community Trade Marks, allowed 3d shape trademarks2 for sweets, bakery, biscuits, cakes and waffles in 2006, but lacked in application for chocolate, candy and confectionery. Few years later Cadbury disputed Nestle trademark to Cancellation Committee because of the mark was for a 3d-shape rather than over a name.The Cancellation Committee declared the Nestle trademark invalid. Originally, Cadbury had won its claim. Nestle had appealed and trademark regulators overturned finis after. Regulators reached new decision as the four-fingered shape Kit Kat was exclusively associating as Nestle product. Nestle had provided narrate of using that shape for long catamenia of time and had provided evidence of KitKa t shape was exclusively associated with Nestle across the world and had gathered enough evidence to proof that Nestle had educated the public that chocolate bar with fingered shape is originated by Nestle. Case in flashIn 2007 Cadbury filed a declaration of invalidity against Nestle, the request was directed against all the good covered by Nestle. Cadbury had thought that trademarking shape of the chocolate bar is a limitation of choice for consumers. In the proceedings parties submitted their observations and supporting documents. Nestle had submitted the following evidence to proof the KitKats shape was exclusively associated with them3 Overview of the worldwide sales volume, turnover and advertising cost for the 1995-2007 years Set of documents related for a Kit Kat economic consumption in the United Kingdom Promotional leaflet in which history of KitKat presented Compilation of the launch dates of the four fingered chocolate bar in the European Union (Uk 1937, Italy 1960, Austr ia 1988 and etc.) Marketing look into, concerning market shareList of commercial and CD (containing examples)Nestle internal financial figures, market share, advertising expenses . Even though trademark is commonly the mark, motto or device, the shape of a product is considered trademark too, because consumers can identify the source of were the product originated. By submitting above evidence it was dispatch that trademark elements had been met Kit Kats shape is distinctive sufficient for consumers to identify manufacturer, suggestive its clear for consumers that four-fingers shape is KitKat taste and even fanciful Kit Kat had been massively invented by Nestle. ConclusionCadbury now has to decide whether or not it wants to appeal against the decision. The latest ruling over KitKats shape will hold on similar companies from producing similar bars of chocolate it is now exclusively associated with Nestle. It was significant win for Nestle, since the four-finger shape became syn onymous with its product. Nestls case follows history of legal battles between the two companies. In 2012 Cadbury secured trademark rights to the purple color used on its packaging. Intellectual property office had awarded particular shade of purple to chocolate bars and drinking chocolate to Cadbury.Nowadays a lot of trademark cases are existing. Analyzing the importance of trademark, we can conclude that companies are very concerned of organism exclusive and protecting its intellectual property. A lot of trademark cases exist because of technology progress, it is so much easier today to advertise online, have the market research done online, surveying the product satisfaction and etc. Since multimedia is our everyday routine, rivals can easily caught the consumers attention (by using already existing trademark) or converse the existing relationship with the product.References1. Office for Harmonization in the internal market http//www.ie-forum.nl/backoffice/uploads/file/IEForum%20 OHIM%20Board%20of%20Appeal%2011%20december%202012,%20zaak%20R%20513_2011-2%20(Nestl%20tegen%20Cadbury%20Holdings%20Limited).pdf 2. Cadbury thwarted over KitKat design as Nestl wins battle to prevent rivals copying four-fingered bar http//www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2256648/Cadbury-thwarted-KitKat-desig

Comparison of Nora (A Doll’s House) and Mrs.Alving (Ghosts) Essay

Nora and Mrs. Alving are two main characters in Ibsens plays. They are similar in some ways, but obviously they are both uniquely diverse. They play many of the same roles in their plays, and are probably the most similar two characters between Ghosts and A Dolls House.Nora is a unique character, a kind not usually seen in most plays. She swings her mood often she is either in truth happy or very depressed, comfortable or desperate, wise or nave. At the beginning of the play, Nora still plays a child in many ways, listening at doors and take in forbidden sweets behind her saves back. She has gone straight from her fathers house to her saves, bringing along her nursemaid which shows us that she hasnt really grown up. She also doesnt have much of an own opinion. She has always accepted her fathers and her husbands opinions. Shes conscious(predicate) that Torvald would have no use for a wife who was equal to him.But like many children, Nora knows how to manipulate Torvald by pouti ng or by performing for him. In the end, it is the truth about her marriage that awakens Nora. Although she may suspect that Torvald is a weak, petty man, she believes that he is strong, that hell protect her from the consequences of her actions. Then, at the moment of truth, he abandons her completely. She is shocked into earthly concern and sees how fake their relationship has been. She realizes that her father and her husband have seen her as a doll, a toy to be played with, a figure without opinion or will of her own. She also realizes that she is treating her children the same way. Her whole life has been based on illusion rather than reality.Mrs. Alving married her late husband, lord Alving, at her family proposal, but she had a horrible marriage. She ran onward to Pastor Manders, who she was attracted to, but he made her return to her husband. After enduring her husbands depravity for a while, she sent away Oswald at the age of seven, with the hope that he would never disc over his dead fathers immorality. Mrs. Alving built an orphanage to memorialize his death, and it was scheduled to be sacred the following day. She didnt want anyone to know the truth about his person she wanted everyone to think he was a great, honorable man. Fortunately, she at least had the compellation to tell her son the truth about his father.The occasions that arose for both characters were similar to some extent. One year into her marriage, Mrs. Alving, like Nora, walks out on her husband, fleeing to the house and into the arms of her lifter Pastor Manders, only to be persuaded by him to return to her husband. Another similar occurrence was when Nora had to save her husband, by going into exile and away for a precise bit, and Mrs. Alving saved her son by sending him into exile or at least away from their home so that Oswald would never have to grow up with his freelancing father.There were also some key differences between Nora and Mrs. Alving. In A Dolls House, the reaso n of the union between Nora and Helmer relied on the husbands conception of integrity and unyielding devotion to social morality. He was the conventional, ideal husband and devoted father. Not so in Ghosts. Mrs. Alving married Captain Alving only to find that he was a physical and mental wreck, and that life with him would mean utter degradation and be fatal to her possible children.In her despair, she cancelled to her friend, Pastor Manders, who needed to be indifferent to necessities. He sent her back to shame and degradation, back to her duties to her husband and home. Happiness, to him, was the unholy manifestation of a rebellious spirit, and a wifes duty was not to judge, but to bear with humility the cross which a higher power had for your own good laid upon you.Mrs. Alving eager the cross for twenty-six long years. Not for the sake of the higher power, but for her little son Oswald, whom she longed to save from the poisonous atmosphere of her husbands home. Meanwhile, Nora fled her husband for the sake of the higher power, for the opportunity to find her own ideas and opinions, to gain an experience without the controlling factor that her husband had on her.